Pa Element or Protactinium Facts

Protactinium is a radioactive element predicted to exist in 1871 by Mendeleev, although it was not discovered until 1917 or isolated until 1934. The element has atomic number 91 and element symbol Pa. Like most elements on the periodic table, protactinium is a silver-colored metal. However, the metal is dangerous to handle because it and its compounds are both toxic and radioactive. Here are useful and interesting Pa element facts: Name: Protactinium (previously brevium and then protoactinium, but the IUPAC shortened the name to protactinium in 1949 to make the element name easier to pronounce) Atomic Number: 91 Symbol: Pa Atomic Weight: 231.03588 Discovery: Fajans Gohring 1913; Fredrich Soddy, John Cranston, Otto Hahn, Lise Meitner 1917 (England/France). Dmitri Mendeleev predicted the existed of an element between thorium and uranium on the periodic table. However, the actinide group was not known at that time. William Crookes isolated protactinium from uranium in 1900, but he was unable to characterize it, so does not get credit for discovery. Protactinium was not isolated as a pure element until 1934 by  Aristid von Grosse. Electron Configuration: [Rn] 7s2 5f2 6d1 Word Origin: Greek protos, meaning first. Fajans and Gohring in 1913 named the element brevium, because the isotope they discovered, Pa-234, was short-lived. When Pa-231 was identified by Hahn and Meitner in 1918, the name protoactinium was adopted because this name was considered to be more consistent with the characteristics of the most abundant isotope (protactinium forms actinium when it radioactively decays). In 1949, the name protoactinium was shortened to protactinium. Isotopes: Protactinium has 13 isotopes. The most common isotope is Pa-231, which has a half-life of 32,500 years. The first isotope to be discovered was Pa-234, which was also called UX2. Pa-234 is a short-lived member of the naturally occurring U-238 decay series. The longer-lived isotope, Pa-231, was identified by Hahn and Meitner in 1918. Properties: The atomic weight of protactinium is 231.0359, its melting point is 1600 °C, specific gravity has been calculated to be 15.37, with a valence of 4 or 5. Protactinium has a bright metallic luster which is retained for a while in air. The element is superconductive below 1.4K. Several protactinium compounds are known, some of which are colored. Protactinium is an alpha emitter (5.0 MeV) and is a radiological hazard which requires special handling. Protactinium is one of the rarest and most expensive naturally occurring elements. Sources:  The element occurs in pitchblende to the extent of about 1 part Pa-231 to 10 million parts ore. In general, Pa only occurs at a concentration of a few parts per trillion in the Earths crust. While originally isolated from uranium ores, today protactinium is made as a fission intermediate in thorium high-temperature nuclear reactors. Other Interesting Protactinium Facts In solution, the 5 oxidation state quickly combines with hydroxide ions to form (radioactive) hydroxy-oxide solids that stick to the surface of the container.Protactinium has no stable isotopes.Handling of protactinium is similar to that of plutonium, due to its potent radioactivity.Even if it was not radioactive, protactinium would present a health risk because the element is also a toxic metal.The largest amount of protactinium obtained to date was 125 grams, which the Great Britain Atomic Energy Authority extracted from 60 tons of nuclear waste.Although protactinium has few uses aside from research purposes, it may be combined with the isotope thorium-230 to date marine sediments.The estimated cost of one gram of protactinium is about $280. Element Classification: Radioactive Rare Earth (Actinide) Density (g/cc): 15.37 Melting Point (K): 2113 Boiling Point (K): 4300 Appearance: silvery-white, radioactive metal Atomic Radius (pm): 161 Atomic Volume (cc/mol): 15.0 Ionic Radius: 89 (5e) 113 (3e) Specific Heat (20 °C J/g mol): 0.121 Fusion Heat (kJ/mol): 16.7 Evaporation Heat (kJ/mol): 481.2 Pauling Negativity Number: 1.5 Oxidation States: 5, 4 Lattice Structure: Tetragonal Lattice Constant (Ã…): 3.920 Sources Emsley, John (2011).  Natures building blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-960563-7.Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997).  Chemistry of the Elements  (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.Hammond, C. R. (2004). The Elements, in  Handbook of Chemistry and Physics  (81st ed.). CRC press. ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9.Weast, Robert (1984).  CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4. Return to the Periodic Table

Heroes of American Realism Essay - 1957 Words

Heroes of American Realism The American realists of the late 19th century were notably adept at creating deep, memorable characters --whether virtuous or villainous-- who are continuously developed throughout the tales in which they exist. These authors often used their protagonists for a higher purpose than mere storytelling, endeavoring to construct a critique of the times by placing the characters in opposition to their respective societies. As a result, the protagonist often becomes an unassuming type of hero to the reader, by courageously (or obtusely) defying convention, and doubting the ignorant assumptions of society. Three such characters that were born of American realism are found in the novels The Adventures of†¦show more content†¦The first book, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, features Huck, who narrates his adventures along the Mississippi with Jim, a runaway slave. Huck escapes from his alcoholic, abusive father early in the book, and, immediately thereafter, is primarily conce rned with his own survival and contentment. However, even these basic amenities are threatened as he continues his voyage south. First and foremost, Huck must survive in the wild, a task he undertakes with remarkable skill and resourcefulness. Early on in the novel, Hucks skill at living in the wilderness is plainly established, and the reader never doubts his ability to provide for himself. Unfortunately, other complications soon arise. Huck happens upon Jim soon after his own escape. Jim had run away from Hucks aunt after learning of her intent to sell him south to New Orleans, and once these two fugitives cross paths, their companionship is maintained for most of the book. Jims presence presents several problems to Huck. At first, when Huck initially runs into Jim, he is simply glad to find a companion for his idle days on the raft. 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In Death of a Salesman, Willy Loman is seen falling from a great height. Although, he is not born into nobility like most tragic heroes are generally portrayed. Willy Loamn was responsible for is own fate. At the beginning of the play within the initial flashbacks we judge that Willys life used to be fairly successful. Willy brings home a punch bag with Gene Tunneys signatureRead MoreA Marvelous Journey of Return in The Kingdom of This World by Alejo Carpentier 1224 Words   |  5 Pagesto his Latin American root. He tries to decipher the myths and complexity of African identity and achieves it by opening up a new realm of interpretation and representation through literature work. In the novel, there are elements that can only come as a result of his experience of observing, questioning and criticizing, among which I think several are very noteworthy. First is Carpentier’s reflection of his own identity search in the novel, second is his application of magic realism in the writingRead MoreA Faithful Representation Of Reality1488 Words   |  6 Pages1894, Those Extraordinary Twins is similar to many of the books written during the literary time period of realism. Although Twain’s novella Those Extraordinary Twins may not appear to be perfectly reminiscent of the realism time period, there are stylistic elements evident in the book. Therefore, this novella effectively represents the realism time period and the styles that were used. The realism time period, which began around 1860, mainly emerged during the Industrial Revolution. Around this eraRead MoreThe Civil War And The 19th Century Essay1119 Words   |  5 PagesLincoln did not appear where the conspirators waited for him.Lincoln was to attend a performance of â€Å"Our American Cousin† at Ford’s Theatre on April 14. Booth masterminded a plot to simultaneously kill The President, Vice President Andrew Johnson and Secretary of State William H. Seward. Booth and his co-conspirators thought that by killing Lincoln and his possible successors, it would throw the American Government into disarray. Abraham Lincoln, his wife Mary Lincoln, and a young army officer named HenryRead MoreA Mystery Of Heroism, And Ambrose Bierce s An Occurrence At Owl Creek Bridge1308 Words   |  6 Pageswith the advent of photography, nothing stopped the raw images of the horrors of war from being captured for what they really are. In literature, this shift toward the realization of the true nature of war marked a departure from romanticism into realism. Works like Stephan Crane’s â€Å"A Mystery of Heroism† and Ambrose Bierce’s An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge demonstrate the brutal challenges that ordinary people face while a nation is at strife. Even though Jack London’s â€Å"To Build a Fire† was farRead MoreThe Adventures Of Mr. Obadiah Oldbuck Essay1201 Words   |  5 PagesDating back to 1841, modern comics have had a long history. Since The Adventures of Mr. Obadiah Oldbuck, which is generally accepted as the first American comic, comics as a genre of literature has changed both technologically and in perception (Greenberger). Throughout American history, comics have served as both an influence and a reflection of the time period. As America grew, changed, and experienced major historical events, society and the ideas within changed along with it. Many comic historians

The Confederate War Free Essays

Ever since the Civil War ended there have been numerous books written regarding the reasons why the Confederacy lost the war. Most of these books seem to believe that the Confederacy lost the war because they lacked the desire to win. In Gary Gallagher’s The Confederate War, Gallagher offers a different reason for the Confederacy loss than most books written about the Confederate War. We will write a custom essay sample on The Confederate War or any similar topic only for you Order Now Gallagher has thoroughly researched newspapers, diaries, books and historical documents which support his argument that the Confederate War was lost due to a lack of sound military planning and not the widely known thought that the Confederacy lacked the desire to win the war. Many historians believe that the Confederacy failed to succeed due to failed alliances within the confederacy. Gallagher states in his book â€Å"that Historians argue that the confederates lacked sufficient will to win the war, never developed a strong collective national identity and pursued a flawed military strategy that wasted precious manpower. † (Gallagher, 1997, p. 3) Gallagher argues that the South had a strong desire to win the war and a strong sense of national togetherness but what was lacking was a good military strategy to win the Civil War. Gallagher has provided proof of his arguments through his vast amounts of research that the Confederate soldiers had a strong desire to win and the people did ban together with a sense of national pride. He also shows that they did have a weak military plan. I believe that Gallagher’s book offers a unique look at the Civil War. He adds a different twist to the contemporary thinking of the events and people involved in the Confederate War. I think anyone wanting to learn about a different aspect of the Civil War would find this book thought-provoking and insightful. I believe anyone studying the Civil War would benefit from learning about this authors different point of view. Gallagher’s book offers a unique look at the Civil War from the Confederate point of view. He quotes newspaper articles, private letters and diaries from and about the Confederate soldiers during the war which I found inspiring and certainly led me to value Gallagher’s insights. After reading this book I find myself agreeing with Gallagher’s point of view, he offers a very convincing argument. How to cite The Confederate War, Papers

Financialisation and Conceptual Framework System

Question: Discuss about the Financialisation and Conceptual Framework System. Answer: Introduction: The report has a basis of determining the application of the standards under AASB i.e. in respect to the standards AASB 101, 116, 136 and 138 for the two companies provided in the requirement. The companies selected are National Australian Bank and Telstra. The National Australian bank (NAB) limited stands in the fourth position among the largest financial institutions of Australia, which has a nature of being limited by shares and having incorporation and abode in Australia (Nab.com.au, 2017). On the Australian securities exchange, the shares of national Australian bank have a public trading. The other company Telstra is one among the most leading telecommunication sectors and industry. It has also a leading position in the Technology Company (Telstra.com.au, 2017). It comes under the international rising businesses and offers a sense of connectivity towards its customers and the country Australia. Application of AASB 101: The AASB 101 considers the foundation of the preparation and presentation of general purpose of the financial statements for the comparison with the monetary reports of the company. The comparison is between the previous periods and the economic reports of other corporation. The financial reports on the general purpose for the National Australian bank have a preparation as per the requirements present under the sections of the Corporation act 2001. It is also prepared as per the conditions and requisites of the accounting standards that are issued under the AASB standards. On the other hand, Telstra the telecommunication leader follows the obligations laid down under the AASB standards. The standards have a compliance with the Corporation Act 2001. Telstra also has a compliance with the standards related to the international financial reporting alongside with the periodicals and publications available under the IASB. In comparison to the preparation of the financial reports of Telstra, the reports and the statements of NAB are arranged based on the concept of the historical cost principle and it has a customization by the use of the fair value measurement as authorized under the integral and the applicable standards of accounting. Even though, the financial information of Telstra is also prepared under the method and standards of historical cost nevertheless; there are certain class of financial statements, which is recognized under the system of fair value (Mission et al., 2014). Telstra also utilises the terms in determination of the income statement for the EBIDTA for the reflection of their profit before the consideration of the impact of the net cost of finance, depreciation, income taxes and amortisation. On the other hand, NAB takes up the recognition of the gains and losses from the foreign exchange arising out of their agreement from the dealings at the end of the book-keeping year is translated at the end of year, exchange rates in the come statements. The standard considers the property, plant and equipment. In case of NAB the estimation and record is carried on at cost after the deduction of the collected or accumulation of the depreciation and types of the impairment losses. The companys property, plant and equipment are depreciated using the method of straight line depreciation that is based on the useful lives of the assets. The land and building are frequently calculated under the fair value method and the revaluation procedure has a basis on the three year cycle rolling stages to demonstrate their accurate principles. The land and buildings valuations are carried out on the basis of the open market signifying the price, which would be arriving at the time of the sale of the asset. The recently attained possessions such as equipments are valued at the given cost, which is equal to the fair value (Laing Perrin, 2014). In comparison with NAB, the company Telstra capitalizes the property plant and equipment under the financial lease and the same is performed during the origination of the term of the lease at a value lower than the asset. On the contrary, the property plant and equipment that have been capitalised are depreciated. The depreciation is carried out on the basis of the straight-line method that takes into consideration the useful life of the assets. Telstra does the reporting of the property plant and equipment in its income or revenue statement on top of the terms of lease of shorter periods or the predictable useful life of the possessions (Zhang Andrew, 2014). The standard has the purpose of setting down the treatment of the accounting that considers the assets of an intangible nature. The standard provides treatment that is particularly not dealt with in any other standards. The intangible assets of the National Australia Bank takes account of the goodwill that takes place throughout the period of acquisition of an organization and replicates the amount of surplus. The same consist of the cumulative actual value of the purchase considerations along with the amount of some non-controlling interest of a corporation in excess of the actual worth of the recognisable and realizable value of the net assets throughout the date of the acquisition of the assets. The Intangible assets such as the software of the computers and other intangible assets have identification at the given cost and after the deduction of the amortization and losses on impairment (Russell, 2015). As compared with NAB, the administration and management of Telstra has an obligation of determination of the appropriate fair value of intangible assets obtained during the processes of the business. The above considers the evaluation of the period and figure of future cash flow produced on the usage of the assets. The intangible assets of Telstra have an estimation that is based on the current anticipation by the consideration of the rate of expansion costs of operating and expected useful life of the property. The intangible assets like the inventories of Telstra have a valuation at the lower cost and on the values that have a net realisation (Macve, 2015). The principle of the impairment of asset is the unfolding of the procedure that has an application on the entity to obtain a surety that the assets are carried on, not in any furtherance to the amount recoverable. At the National Australian Bank, the assets that have an indefinite useful life cannot be subjected to the amortisation as they have an annual impairment test, each time a signal for impairment is present. At NAB, the assets subjected to amortisation, has to be reviewed for impairment every time there is an established situation that there might be no recovery of the losses incurred. The losses are recognized for the amount where the recoverable amount is surpassed by the carrying amount of an asset (Bond et al., 2015). On the other hand, Telstra for the rationale of impairment takes into recognition the smallest asset group that constructs the cash inflows from the assets forming part of the other class of the assets. The assessment of the impairment symbolize the recoverable sum of an asset that is elevated than the fair value after the deduction of the disposal costs next to its value in use (Weil et al., 2013). The standard of impairment for the company NAB reflects that the carrying amount may not have a recovery in the near future. Telstra has a consideration that the impairment must be done for the smallest amount of assets in the group. Therefore, the report has relatively analysed a variety of accounting standards in comparison to the National Australian Bank and Telstra. The International financial reporting standard that is issued by the international accounting standard board is measured as one of the utmost value accounting standards. It helps in defending the shareholders and investors by making certain an effective and proficient formation of the capital in the contemporary world of the global business. It is observed as incentive to the international inventors in view of the fact that it provides them the conveniences of judging the financial figures of businesses. The same is irrespective of their location place and position (Deegan, 2013). The International financial reporting standard is a set of standards on accounting that is based on the main beliefs in a sense that there cannot be an establishment of the broader rules along with the dictation of the particular dealing. Meeting the IFRS has internationally led to the attainment of energy, as the capital market has turned to be globalised in nature. The harmonising of the accounting standards worldwide will lead to lucidity in the book-keeping information for administrators. It will also smooth the progress of enhanced running of the business operations globally (Beattie, 2014). Critical analysis of having a single set of global accounting standards: With the augmentation of the international financial reporting standards, a great number of discussions have taken place. The discussions are on the future junction of the generally accepted accounting principles and the international IFRS standards. It also lays down an emphasis on the effects of the standards on the big multinational organisations. Having knowledge about containing a suitable single set of global accounting standards for the smaller businesses can assist in improved thoughtfulness of the proposed alteration that affects the evaluation and reporting of the financial data of possible or prospective investments by the shareholders (Wang, 2014). One of the most important benefits of encompassing a single set of the international accounting standards is the enhancement and perfection in the comparison of the businesses positioned in varied countries. Currently, the standards of accounting between the countries have large differences and variations. Previous to making a contrast in the prospective investments, the shareholders and the investors must get collectively both the organisations in the direction of an identical basis of the accounting. The complications are the same for the creditors, while measuring the credit worthiness of the company (Carey et al., 2014). The variations in the accounting standard may be a sign of the two corporations appearing in an entirely different way, even though they have a related monetary nature. It is suitable for the adoption of a single set of accounting standards that may put corporations on an equivalent situation as the same enables both the small and large business owners to measure the worldwide substitutes for doing an investment and management of currency. At present, numerous trade owners do not control the essential possessions to powerfully quantify and evaluate the global and local alternatives of an investment. If the financial information were additionally correspondent subsequently it would make possible the possessors to include more of such information of associations in domicile (Brown et al., 2014). The shifting underneath the single set of international financial standards of accounting will assist towards the easing out the obstruction to the international spreading out for the businesses. In cases when the corporations desire to shift overseas in the modern age of business, it is essential for the corporation to believe the worldwide cost of fulfilment and compliance. The above situation can lead in the acceptance and implementation of completely a latest set of accounting accounts and records so as to convene to the governmental requirements in the new country (Ecker et al., 2016). In a small amount of cases the same may approximately double, the cost of accounting for the corporations. Even the superior rewards for shifting internationally for a number of small businesses may be dwarfed by the enormous expansion costs and expenditures. The study and the observation upon the point of view of policymaking, changing to a single set of international accounting standards assists in the harmonisation of the decision-making process. At the moment, the accounting standards are situated and positioned inside the structure or framework of each country under each body that has a relation to the setting of the standards, concurrently by the universal group. Implementation of a single set of standard will facilitate in the elimination and the disagreement among the nations that have a requirement to reimburse the fees of reporting that goes into the financial support of these forms of standard setting procedure. On the other case, the expenses may not generate an impact on the larger organisations of businesses (Albu et al., 2014). On the other hand, they have a tendency to have a huge impact and force on the smaller businesses. The Movement under a single set of the standards or towards a fundamental authoritative body can hel p in the reduction of these costs drastically. Conceptual framework: The theoretical or conceptual structure is looked upon as latest conception possibly numerous setters of the accounting standard have conventional purpose devoid of having in place a conceptual structure. As a consequence, the standards of accounting frequently became disorganized in character and was chiefly accountable for concerns occurring at any day that had a reactive effect rather than proactive. Inadequate recognized conceptual structures also widen the danger of the inconsistency in the standards with one another and there is barely any general purpose of organizing the financial statements. A declaration enclosing the purpose of the financial statement considers the framework certificate that can help in the increment of the toughness of the criterion setting a course of action by making certain dependability and supporting the development of probable standards (Weil et al., 2013). The conceptual structure can assist users in accepting and interpreting the information that is covered within the financial declarations. The conceptual structure helps the user in improved interpreting of the principles based on the foundation of which they are arranged. Every countrywide has a decisive factor unit for setting up have their individual set of conceptual structure that offers the fundamentals on which the accounting principles are based on. As estimated by Macve, (2015), synchronization of the conceptual frameworks must result in the formation the major fear in improving by producing a set of generally globally accepted standards. On hypothetical basis, the conceptual frame must force the progression of standards of accounting. Basically, in practical terms, the mutual, economic and political factors regularly act as a fundamental role and helps in manipulating the track offered by the standards. The prerequisite of capital markets, supervisors and the responses of public to the standards of accounting will carry on its pressure on the process of setting up the standards. Conclusion: From the discussion in the report above and the arguments presented above, the study concludes that the implementation of a single set of standard and conceptual structure is suitable and is evidently advantageous. It assists in portraying a straightforward assessment of the financial or economic reports that leads to an international financial coordination, effectiveness in the structure of cost and the reduction of expenditure. Encompassing a single set of accounting standard makes available accessibility to the resources with enhanced listing of transactions from across the borders through improved chances for investment. A single set of the generally accepted global financial standards will assist in encouraging enhanced clarity to re-examine the widespread rules for better terms of borrowing with admittance to international capital markets. The single set of standards and framework aids in the elimination of the requirement for reconciliation of data provided under the nationwid e standard of different categories. Therefore, the knowledge recommends execution of single set of global accounting standards as well as conceptual framework for companies to take advantage of the globalization effects. Reference list: Albu, C. N., Albu, N., Alexander, D. (2014). When global accounting standards meet the local contextInsights from an emerging economy.Critical Perspectives on Accounting,25(6), 489-510. Beattie, V. (2014). Accounting narratives and the narrative turn in accounting research: Issues, theory, methodology, methods and a research framework.The British Accounting Review,46(2), 111-134. Bond, D., Govendir, B., Wells, P. (2016). An evaluation of asset impairments by Australian firms and whether they were impacted by AASB 136.Accounting and Finance. Brown, P., Preiato, J., Tarca, A. (2014). Measuring country differences in enforcement of accounting standards: An audit and enforcement proxy.Journal of Business Finance and Accounting,41(1-2), 1-52. Carey, P., Potter, B., Tanewski, G. (2014). AASB Research Report No. Deegan, C. (2013).Financial accounting theory. McGraw-Hill Education Australia. Ecker, F., Hjelstrm, T., Olsson, P., Setterberg, H. (2016). Analysts Earnings Adjustments and Changes in Accounting Standards. Laing, G. K., Perrin, R. W. (2014). Deconstructing an accounting paradigm shift: AASB 116 non-current asset measurement models.International Journal of Critical Accounting,6(5-6), 509-519. Macve, R. (2015).A Conceptual Framework for Financial Accounting and Reporting: Vision, Tool, Or Threat?. Routledge. Mission, A. C. P. N. S. (2014). Defining and Accounting for Fundraising Income and Expenses Executive Summary. Nab.com.au (2017).Nab.com.au. Retrieved 4 April 2017, from https://www.nab.com.au/business/accounts Russell, M. (2015). Management incentives to recognise intangible assets.Accounting and Finance. Telstra - mobile phones, prepaid phones, broadband, internet, home phones, business phones. (2017).Telstra.com.au. Retrieved 4 April 2017, from https://www.telstra.com.au Wang, C. (2014). Accounting standards harmonization and financial statement comparability: Evidence from transnational information transfer.Journal of Accounting Research,52(4), 955-992. Weil, R. L., Schipper, K., Francis, J. (2013).Financial accounting: an introduction to concepts, methods and uses. Cengage Learning. Zhang, Y., Andrew, J. (2014). Financialisation and the conceptual framework.Critical perspectives on accounting,25(1), 17-26. Zhuang, Z. (2016). Discussion of An evaluation of asset impairments by Australian firms and whether they were impacted by AASB 136.Accounting and Finance,56(1), 289-294.

Transgenic Organisms Essays - Genetic Engineering, Biocides

Transgenic Organisms Releasing a Transgenic Organism into Nature In the midst of our society's ever advancing biological technology, scientists have created a plant that is herbicide and pesticide resistant. The question of whether the public should have access to this controversial plant raised many bioethical questions. Farmers encouraged the sale of the plant because it would assist them financially and spare them unnecessary additional labor. They wouldn't have to worry about spraying their crops with herbicides and pesticides because the crops would already be equip to fight away bothersome weeds and pests. Environmentalists are split on the topic. Many strongly believe that the use of the transgenic plant in crops would greatly decrease the pollution that is typical of crops with normal plants. Whereas others feel that the plant should not be released into nature because it is believed that mother nature should be the only hand that regulates and advances the pace of nature. They are also nervous that possible cross-pollination between normal crops and transgenic crops could result in the production of super weeds that could rapidly spread. Leading to an ugly, very unwanted mess! Everything considered, I agree with most of the arguments both for and against the release of transgenic plants into nature. I believe that without taking a risk with our biological discoveries, our world will not evolve into something better; however, I also believe that before we expose the world to new technology, many tests and research should be performed to ensure that the product is safe for the environment, people, and animals. In a word, the only true solution to settle the dispute between the differing views on transgenic plants release into nature is compromise. Science

The Medicated Child Example

The Medicated Child Example The Medicated Child – Book Report/Review Example MEDICATED This is a documentary that aired on the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) program, Frontline. I described difficulties diagnosing and treating childhood behavioral disorders. In my view it illustrates a tendency in The West, especially in America, to treat many perceived disorders, including behavioral, as medically based, that is caused by some kind of brain defect rather than by a deficiency in socialization. This is not to deny that a brain problem can cause behavioral issues. Rather I would argue such disorders may be caused by brain defects or problems in the social environment or a combination of both. The documentary pointed out that at least until the time President Clinton gave a 6 month patent extension to pharmaceutical companies on new drugs in exchange for their commitment to do clinical trials on their effects on children as well as adults, there was little research on their effectiveness in treating children and whether there would be any negative and dangero us side effects on kids. The program documented by individual case studies, that especially prior to Clinton’s policy change, little was known about the effectiveness and dangers of drugs on children compared to adults and the risk that while a drug may prove effective in treating one disorder it may cause another. It also highlighted the tendency to faulty diagnosis because some symptoms are similar in different disorders. For example, an increasing number of children have been diagnosed with bipolar disorder previously thought to be an adult only problem. In conclusion, I think the program has done an excellent job documenting the extension of America’s medical culture to children with its’ assumption that most medical issues can be treated with proscribed pills. However, I think it falls short in its failure to examine more holistic solutions. For example, what effect does a child’s parenting and/or extended social environment have on a child’s behavior? Also, if a child’s body is not developed sufficiently to react favorably to pharmaceuticals could techniques from Oriental medicine such as acupuncture and aromatherapy prove more effective and less dangerous? I think an investigation into alternatives to pharmaceutical based treatment regimes could prove enlightening and offer better options.

Advantages & Disadvantages of JavaScript Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Advantages & Disadvantages of JavaScript - Essay Example In order to enhance the aspect of functions performed by any website, JavaScript is hugely adopted because of its ease. For instance, creating dynamic effects on visual grounds, calculation of data that are available on web pages with the ability to access the data offered by external party are among the diversified features of JavaScript.If advantages on the client side by JavaScript is taken into account, the personalization of coding and its execution from the processor of user rather than from the server of the web pages is quite beneficial. The ultimate outcome as a result of the code being executed in such a manner is related to usage of minimum bandwidth. The bandwidth gets saved up to maximum level yet the code is executed at a fast rate on the processor of user. During web searches, the code gets executed directly from the client and the task is done at almost instant rate rather than transfer of the codes from servers of web to the computer of user which would have been tim e consuming (Fraley, 2004, p. 6).There are disadvantages of JavaScript too. .One of the main disadvantages of JavaScript on client side is the issue of privacy of one’s data. There are various malicious codes that are executed along with the normal codes when any task is performed by the user on web that results in the exposure and exploitation of one’s personal data. Many people do not prefer JavaScript due to security reasons. Personal pictures, personal videos and personal data are at stake.

The New Economics of the Music Industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

The New Economics of the Music Industry - Essay Example The technological boom has ushered countless innovations in almost all the sectors in the global economy. These advances have facilitated the spillover of positive and negative externalities in various industries facilitating the emergence of new trends that disrupt and refine the current economic equilibrium. Along with other sectors, the global music industry had been significantly altered by this technological boom notably, the internet and associated technologies. These innovations have revolutionized the market structure and value chain of the music industry through the alteration of the intermediation processes. These new technologies allowed the faster mobility of goods from the artist to the costumers as other processes in the value chain are eradicated. Aside from these obvious developments, technological changes have many other considerable implications for the music industry. ... Having a strong foothold on the entire music industry, these companies command high level of bargaining power among other important players as they have are involved in all the processes in the value chain. Figure 1. Market Share of the Big Five (2001) Source: Hannaford, 2005 However, the dominance of these companies is largely felt in America and Europe while the Asia Pacific market is mainly controlled by independents [3]. In this region independent record labels hold almost 40% of the entire market share. In this case, we can see a duopolistic competition where the Big Five abound together with a local competitive fringe. III. Traditional Market Structure Record label plays various roles in the operation of the music industry. It can be noted that these companies are almost always present in the entire traditional value chain. The value chain of the music industry begins with the acquisition of content which typically involves the contract signing between artists and the company to formalize the production of an album. The record label will then start the production of the album by allocating fund in order to cover the costs of providing a producer and engineers or subcontracting with an artist's own team. After the record is produced, discs are manufactured which is typically simultaneous with the launching of aggressive marketing efforts to promote the album [4]. Distribution of the album is usually done by the marketing arm of the record label. Artists heavily rely in the name and reputation of the label for their releases to succeed. The strong marketing muscle of the company has a large influence for different media in the promotion of an artist's music. Record label and music

Summer Intern Report. Nizing Electronic Company Essay

Summer Intern Report. Nizing Electronic Company - Essay Example Each of the showrooms runs under a manager or assistant manager. Usually, there are two employees in the showroom working under the manager. During peak business hours, there are up to five people in sales. The usual working hours of the employees are 8 hours and the employees enjoy one day off. The company hires employees throughout the year, and unskilled, fresh-graduates too get a job here. However, employees except the management staff get unsatisfied with the salary and they often leave the work in one or two years. Admittedly the company does not have an admirable hiring and training program. The company does not monitor people for good personal traits and skills while selecting, nor does it offer a good training and orientation program. The one who is absorbed is on full-fledged duty from the day-first and training often takes place while on duty. Another way of making the employees aware about the company policies is the infrequent CSR classes that often turn ineffective. The company has its advertisement in all media raging from television, major newspapers, and all important magazines. The advertisement is handled by an advertising agency. In addition, the company offers special discounts on festive seasons. Another feature is the free service guarantee the company gives on all purchases of electronic and computer appliances. As the company has its most of the clientele in urban areas, it does not cause a heavy burden on the company coffers. The company has its specific pricing strategy that takes into consideration its local competitors and global retailers such as Amazon. As it aims at urban young clientele that looks for quality, the company does not price its products too low. Its products are comparatively high-priced, but the company makes sure that quality of the products and the services provided is of excellent standard. Though there is rising threat from global competitors like Amazon, the company manages to make an annual growth of 8%. Pa rt –II A look into the company performance proves that there are three things that are in need of improvement taking the future of Nizing Electronic Company into consideration. They are; i) employee hiring, training, remuneration and retention ii) use of technology for sales and services, including a website iii) use of electronic tools to observe consumer trends The first and foremost issue associated with the company is its high employee turnover. The reasons behind this increasing turnover are poor hiring practices, poor training facilities, and poor remuneration. Presently, the company hires almost everyone who applies without a monitoring of personal traits, willingness to work and readiness to abide by the company rules. So, the company witnesses considerable amount of employee turnover. By improving its hiring process, that can be done by engaging a professional recruitment agency, the company can ensure that only the ones who possess specific skills and motivation are entering the jobs. The second thing the company has to take care of is its training policies. As is seen, the company gives very few CSR classes, which miserably fail to keep the employees motivated though they help in keeping the employees informed of the company policies. So, it is necessary for the company to adopt a new training strategy and motivating policy. The third thing is remuneration. Undoubtedly, ‘poor salary results in poor employee retention, and thus, in more recruiting expenses and training

Role Of The Line Manager

Role Of The Line Manager Introduction The essay topic I have chosen is â€Å"the role of the line manager as a facilitator of HRD†. The reasons behind my choice are as a result of my experience of working with Citigroup on my INTRA placement. I gained first hand experience of the efforts made by, and at times the shortfalls of my line manager when she was interacting with my fellow employees and I. I discovered that the line manager can have a profound influence on the attitudes towards work held by their subordinates, and this can affect the level and degree of learning which takes place within the work environment. I found that poor management of the facilitation of HRD training was detrimental to both my fellow employees development, general level of contentment and satisfaction within the workplace and their overall productivity within their roles. My essay will first deal with the responsibilties of the line manager in facilitating HRD. Subsequently, it will deal with the methods by which HRD can be implemented by line managers. It will also address the implications of greater line manager involvement in HRD. My aim is to provide a deeper understanding of the managerial processes that managers can employ to facilitate knowledge integration and transfer to their co-workers. Main Body A line manager can be defined as a ‘management figure who is authorized to direct the work of subordinates and is responsible for accomplishing organizational goals. (Dessler, G, 2000). A line manager is traditionally held accountable for ensuring that results are satisfactory and enabling the achievement of goals through the employees who report to them. In recent years, the expectations of the line managers role have changed. Line managers are increasingly entrusted with human resource development, and in some instances are held accountable for any shortfalls in adheering to this new responsibility. It can prove difficult for line managers to take on the additional responsibility due to existing workloads, lack of skills and inexperience of fulfilling such a role. Line managers, rather than HRD specialists, are very familiar with the business context of both organizational and individual learning needs. They are closer to the daily operations and customers. This gives line managers a unique knowledge advantage concerning organisational realities and needs, which can aid their understanding of issues arising in the daily context of work, and knowledge gaps among the workforce. There has been a move towards line managers assuming roles with a developmental focus and undertaking positions as facilitators of learning and skill expansion. This move is a part of the recent trend of empowering employees at all levels in an organisation to expand their knowledge base and responsibilities to ensure that a variety of multiskilled employees are on hand to tackle any situation that the business may be able to direct them at. xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx In order to be equipped to tackle a role in HRD, substantial investments in capacity and skill development of line managers is necessary to ensure that they are equipped to carry out their new responsibilities. Ultimately, the development and performance of a business workforce is substantially influenced by the management they operate under. Investing the necessary time, money and effort into this area is critical for the effective operation and development of an organisations processes and the employees who are charged with carrying these out. This is important as, ‘one of the principle reasons for members of the workforce leaving an organisation is due to perceived poor handling of the manner in which their talents and skills base are managed (Hay, 2002, p52-55). According to Gennard and Kelly, encouraging line managers to participate in a more centralised and involved role in HRD provides opportunities for them to experience personal growth and greater competencies as a by product of this new responsibility. The stand to gain greater competencies in managing and maintaining relationships with the people they work with on a day-to-day basis. This would be possible because of their familiarity with both the needs and expectations of employees on a business wide as well as a personal level (1997, p27-42). It is paramount that line managers recognise their role in facilitating and providing for a working environment which both promotes and supports learning. They must be aware of how critical this step is to securing the best learning environment possible for their subordinates. This entails implementing a programme of continuous learning. This would encompass on-the-job training, which from personal experience I can confidently state that I found to be far more beneficial than my time spend in classroom based training sessions in the workplace. Incorporating an effective system of both formal and informal learning and feedback on a continuous basis should be recognised not just as a benefit, but as a necessity of the everyday working environment. This should be done from the very beginning of an employees tenure in a business organisation. Individual employees should be given encouragement to seek and take control of their learning process, and attempts at looking to better themselves should be recognised and where appropriate, rewarded. Opportunities should be provided by the line manager to utilise ‘cross training to enhance their skills base, meetings to provide and receive feedback on job performance and shortfalls and mentoring programs to help employees to adapt to life in their working environment as seamlessly and comfortably as possible (Cunningham, and Hyman, 1997, p9-27). According to the study by Jurgita Ã…Â  iugÃ…Â ¾dinien, five main roles were identified which demonstrate what is expected by line managers in the context of HRD. These were that: Line managers are expected to discuss the performance and professional development of their subordinates with them on a regular basis. They are expected to liase with HRD training specialists on a wide variety of HRD and HRM issues to ensure advancement of development programs and constant feedback. They should show an active interest in conveying their interest in and support for the learning of their subordinates as part of their day-to-day responsibilities in their role. They should be proactive and heavily involved in the training and learning and development aspect of their subordinates learning within the workplace. They should be actively involved in the development of HRD strategy (2008, p33). An important influence on the attitudes of line managers towards HRD is their perception of the role they play in the development process, which ultimately affects their attitudes and motivations towards their part in the process. A study by Andrea D. Ellinger and Robert P. Bostrom, found that line managers differentiate between how they perceive their roles in facilitating the learning of employees in learning oriented organisations. Their study found that managers see a distinction between ‘managing and ‘coaching. They see them as being separate functions and in some cases, opposing influences on each other requiring a different skill set to effectively implement them. ‘Managers were perceived as being those in charge in positions of authority. Conversely, coaches were viewed as those in their positions who were entrusted with helping employees to succeed (2002, p147-179). On major barrier in the effective implementation of HRD duties by line managers is due to a lack of coaching skills and insufficient line management motivation. This outlook on the role in question is reinforced by findings that the least popular HRD delivery mechanisms include coaching and mentoring. According to Heraty, this may be due to the large commitment of time and resources needed, or that it varies considerably from the speciality skills that managers generally possess and are used to implementing in their own tried and tested fashion (2000. p21-33). By making the process more attractive to both those who administer and receive this form of HRD delivery, it is likely that organisations would see beneficial implications for the business, management and employees themselves. According to a study by McGovern and Gratton, some managers are of the opinion that they expect the HRD function to disappear over time, ‘as learning issues become ever more integrated with the responsibilities of general management. In other cases, some managers appear to see a different role for HRD professionals in the future as they transfer to the role of organizational change consultants. The study notes that the responsibility for HRD is not commonly included within the terms of a line managers performance objectives. ‘It may prove difficult for line managers to act in two opposing roles that of an assessor and that of a coach. Furthermore, line managers are not specialists in HRD. They may lack the necessary confidence, knowledge and organizational support to assume the required responsibility for HRD implementation (1997, p12-29). According to a study by Renwick, there are significant differences in the role of line managers based on the nature of business undertaken by their organisations. ‘Based on the ownership of the organisations; there are significant differences in line managers role in performance counselling, career planning, salary decisions, grievance handling, and employee termination† (2003, p262-280). This indicates that it is necessary to clarify what exactly is expected of line managers with regard to HRD, and what becomes of the role of HRD professionals should responsibility transfer to line management. Research by Ellinger and Bostrom indicated that managers were viewed as those who have to make the hard decisions, some of which would not be viewed as being consistent with those of being a coach. Managers were perceived to be involved in actions such as ‘ordering, judging and controlling the employees they worked with, whereas coaches had far more of a positive influence on their employees learning and morale, by empowering them to learn, helping them to more fully understand and removing as many obstacles that may inhibit their ability to learn. Conversely, coaches/HRD staff were seen to have far more of an influence in empowering employees to make decisions and in the process, to grow and develop into so that they can exert more influence as they increase their abilities and competencies. Managers and coaches in this study agreed that these roles were, in many cases, ‘distinct from each other and there were differing mental models and approaches that tied in with each role which influence how managers perceive different situations and how their approach will vary when addressing a situation depending on these models (2002, p147-179). All of the managers in the aforementioned study envisaged their role and responsibilities as entailing helping their employees to grow and develop to make sure that they understand how their role ties in to the rest of the organisation and how they can fulfil what is expected of them in this capacity. Managers in the study viewed the roles of being a manager and the concept of being a facilitator of learning as ‘dichotomous roles, but acknowledged that there were ‘eventualities which would involved moving between these roles in the nature of their work (Ellinger and Bostrom, 2002, p147-179). Since line managers usually are not specialists in HRD, they should be periodically screened and assessed with respect to their performance in fulfilling their roles, and their understanding of various learning needs. This should be done in both their area of their specialty, and in the area of Human Resource Development to ensure they are sufficiently confident and competent. It is important to increase their skill and knowledge in HRD, and it is advisable to consider incorporating HRD skills training in all varieties of training packages for managers. The capacity of line managers to provide advice and consultancy to all employees, be they managers or subordinates, should also be developed. Senior managers must be highly supportive in the HRD role of line managers, and an incentive system should be developed to motivate them to embrace it more fully through co-operation with HRD staff and additional training. This is essential, as ‘acting as a HRD facilitator demands a coaching management style, as opposed to a directive management style (Garavan, 1995, 11-16). The trend of increased line manager involvement is identified in the study by de Jong. He states that ‘there is a tendency toward decentralizing HRD responsibilities within organizations. He categorises the new line manager functions into three distinct areas: Analytic role: just as first-level managers are expected to discuss periodically the performance and the developmental needs of their subordinates, they should be periodically screened with respect to their performance and their developmental needs in respect of production and also in people management. Supportive role: just as they are expected to show interest in their subordinates developmental activities on a daily basis, line managers should experience continuous support from their superiors in their attempts to improve their skills. Trainer role: Just as they should provide training and coaching to their subordinates, they should receive instruction and guidance in order to develop in their management role (1999, pp176-183). Conclusion Greater management involvement in HRD reflects a significant transformation of line management responsibility in organisations. Before displacing traditional HRD roles, substantial investments in the capacity development of line managers is needed to ensure that they are capable of carrying out their new responsibilities. It can be concluded that line managers have not assumed responsibility for HRD across the board. It is difficult to fulfil this role, either because of their workload, lack of skill or lack of traditional management involvement in this area. Cooperation between line management and HRD specialists exists. However a lack of line managers involvement in HRD, as well as limited capacities of HRD specialists to support, liaise and consult with line managers can hinder this process. Future research into this area may reveal approaches by which managers can be trained in order to gain the required skill sets to be able to handle both levels of competency in which there is currently a grey area. Removing the rigid views of what it takes to be a ‘manager or ‘HRD professional and incorporating a new perspective of what the expectations of a line manager are in this process is an essential step in reconciling this process. Only after doing so can progressive steps be taken in implementing the line manager firmly in a position to facilitate an effective HRD function as part of their role. Line managers should be given more ownership of HRD strategies, allowing them to have more involvement in decision making at the policy formulation level. They should also be given the opportunity to provide input into developing a more strategic partnership with HRD specialists. In this way, they would develop a better understanding of the broader perspective of both roles and could address any weaknesses in the process. Taking an active role in supporting their employees in learning and development should become an integral part of a line managers performance objectives. References Cunningham I. and Hyman J. (1997) Devolving human resource responsibilities to the line: Beginning of the end or new beginning for personnel? Personnel Review, Vol.28, No.1/2, pp9-27. de Jong J.A., Leenders F.J. and Thijssen J.G.L.(1999) HRD tasks of first level managers. Journal of Workplace Learning, Vol.11, Issue 5, pp176-183. Dessler, G. (2000) Human Resource Management. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, Ellinger, A.D. and Bostrom, R.P. (2002) ‘An Examination of Managers Beliefs about their Roles as Facilitators of Learning, Management Learning, 33 (2): 147-79 Garavan, T. N. (1995) Stakeholders and Strategic Human Resource Development. Journal of European Industrial Training, 1995, Vol. 19, No 10, 11-16. Gennard J. and Kelly J. (1997) The unimportance of labels: the diffusion of the personnel/ HRM function Industrial Relations Journal, Vol.28, No.1, pp27-42. Gibb S. (2003) Line manager involvement in learning and development: Small beer or big deal? Employee Relations, Vol.25, No.3, pp281-293. Hay, M. Strategies for Survival in the War of Talent,.Career Development International, 2002, Vol. 7, No 1, 52-55. Heraty N. and Morley M. (1995) Line managers and human resource development. Journal of European Industrial Training, Vol.19, Issue 10, pp31-37. Hutchinson, S. and Purcell, J.(2003) Bringing Policies to Life: The vital role of front line managers in people management. CIPD, London. McGovern P., Gratton L. and Hope-Hailey V. (1997) Human resource management on the line? Human Resource Management Journal, Vol.7, No.4, pp12-29. Renwick D. (2003) Line manager involvement in HRM: an inside view? Employee Relations, Vol.25, No.3, pp262-280. Ã…Â  iugÃ…Â ¾dinien, Jurgita (2008) Line Manager Involvement in Human Resource Development, VIEÃ…Â  OJI POLITIKA IR ADMINISTRAVIMAS, p32-36 Thornhill A.and Saunders M.N.K. (1998), ‘What if line managers dont realize theyre responsible for HR? Lessons from an organisation experiencing rapid change, Personnel Review, Vol.27, No.6, pp460-476.

Ben Franklin Norris Essay -- essays research papers

Benjamin Franklin Norris, one of the leading figures in the naturalistic style of writing, was born in Chicago in 1970. During his teenage years he moved to 1822 Sacramento Street to live with his father in San Francisco. He traveled to Paris and studied Art and was first exposed to one of his influential writers Emile Zola. He returned to San Francisco and studied the philosophy of evolution at the University of California at Berkley. He transferred to Harvard and took writing classes under Lewis E Gates. Upon graduating he attempted to make a name for himself as a travel writer. He traveled to South Africa and wrote an article about the Boer war. His plans to stay there were cut short as he was captured by the Boer army and deported back to the United States. When he returned to San Francisco, Norris began writing for the magazine The Wave. It was at The Wave that he wrote his first published article that later turned into a novel. Norris continued to work as a journalist, coverin g the Spanish-American war and he published a few more novels. In 1900, he began work on his second trilogy and most influential set of writings called The Epic of Wheat. The first book of his trilogy, The Octopus, was published in 1901. The second novel, The Pitt, was just near finished when he suffered from appendicitis and had to go under the knife to have his appendix removed. Unfortunately he never recovered from his surgery, and the third book of his trilogy was never written. Norris was mar...